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通遼翻譯公司關(guān)鍵字：added value and to measure the degree of industrialization (see Table 2, column E), can be found throughout the 1990s in terms of scale, China's industrialization is actually stagnant state.
From the above observation one step further on the surface, you can also find a range of issues, one of the more prominent of the two "substitution effect." First, large-scale introduction of foreign capital did not improve the quality of their formal manufacturing sector, in fact, their only alternative to the regular occurrence of a foreign manufacturing results. 1992, its formal value-added manufacturing and the proportion of foreign-funded enterprises is 9 to 1; and by 2000 its formal value-added manufacturing and the proportion of foreign-funded enterprises into a 6 to 4. Taking into account the total foreign and domestic in the formal manufacturing industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 rose from 47.6% in 1992 down to 41.9% in 2000, indicating that foreign investment is not effective in promoting their upgrading and expansion of the formal manufacturing sector. This late-development model of industrialized countries is obviously different, these countries are successful industrial development model of quality and performance of their manufacturing scale, and with the introduction of foreign investment and rapid expansion of foreign cooperation, culminating in foreign and domestic manufacturing industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 situation of mutual support and common prosperity, and its level of industrialization and thus also increasing rapidly. However, this occurred in China, "foreign capital substitution effect," the pace of industrialization has led to stagnating.
Studies have pointed out: in China, "as attract foreign capital more under the government政府許可的定點(diǎn)正規(guī)翻譯公司's intervention, government政府許可的定點(diǎn)正規(guī)翻譯公司 and corporate behavior in the short-term foreign capital on the performance of the 'surface of light-weight substance', digestion and absorption of imported technology a serious shortage in China with in the digestion and absorption of imported technology technology transfer of funds of funds accounted for only one-third, while Japan and South Korea, the reverse is true for the digestion and absorption of capital three times in the technology transfer of funds for many local government政府許可的定點(diǎn)正規(guī)翻譯公司s, to attract foreign investment The goal has become increasingly blurred, and even became a goal in itself attract investment, resulting in 'an open and open for foreign capital and foreign capital' of the situation in China many enterprises have failed to absorb advanced technologies through joint ventures, not the gradual formation of independent research and development capabilities, even if staff quality and in better conditions and other basic information about Shanghai is no exception. "[30]This "substitution effect of foreign capital" also means that China's economy is taking shape dependence on foreign capital. Since its formal manufacturing sector shrinking trend is very clear, if the slow down of foreign investment, China's industrialization will occur down the "de-industrialization (deindustrialization)" trend, which is a very heavy unemployment in developing countries is quite dangerous.
The second "substitution effect" refers to the emergence of industrial growth in the country有資質(zhì)的正規(guī)翻譯公司哪個(gè)好's formal manufacturing sector is technologically simple, small-scale industrial production of non-formal alternative to the "weak and strong alternative to quality" phenomenon. Any process of industrialization in developing countries the informal industrial production activities are robustly active situation, but under normal circumstances, these non-formal industrial production activities are mainly complementary and supporting the formal manufacturing, it can not independently support the modernization of the economy. The situation in China is "hero" is "supporting" alternative, and should be the "leading role" in the formal manufacturing sector into the industrial growth of the "supporting role." Higher economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務(wù)最好的 growth in 1996 and 1997, for example, in 1996 the country有資質(zhì)的正規(guī)翻譯公司哪個(gè)好's formal and informal industrial manufacturing value added over the previous year increased by 3,798 billion, of which their contribution to the formal manufacturing sector accounted for 40% of non- the contribution of formal industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 accounted for Liu Cheng; 1997 their formal manufacturing and informal industrial added value over the previous year increased by 2,010 billion, of which their contribution to the manufacturing sector accounted for only a quarter of formal, informal industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 accounted for three-quarters.
Faced with such an almost incredible fact, it is likely to produce an association: non-formal industrial added value may be unreliable. I also have some doubts. China's National Bureau of Statistics of the formal industrial relatively complete, coherent sub-industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 data for many years, including "water" is relatively easy to find; the Bureau of industrial added value of non-formal statistics are very rough, neither the small-class division , nor any other data refer to, if it contains "water" is not easy to recognize. If those who seek "achievements" of local officials to exaggerate the industrial growth rate, most likely to do is inflate the informal industrial added value. Therefore, the State Statistics Bureau and also could not believe it's reported to the provincial Bureau of Statistics industrial output figures, but rather to reduce the number of provinces reporting. [31] From this point of view, the U.S. expert on China's economy Rawski (Thomas Rowski) suspect 1998 to 2000, China's high economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務(wù)最好的 growth rate, not without reason. He believes that China's economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務(wù)最好的 growth over the past few years should be better than the real National Bureau of Statistics figures released by the further reduction of 2 percentage points. [32] Pawlowski found that the decline in China's energy consumption and industrial growth does not correspond exactly; but he probably did not notice, false growth figures may be hidden in the informal industrial output value, for example, the National Bureau of Statistics 1996 Nearly a quarter of GDP growth comes from these non-formal industrial output value of the organization. Because of this, China's National Bureau of Statistics from 1998 to modify the industrial statistical standards, trying to have targeted the local government政府許可的定點(diǎn)正規(guī)翻譯公司 false "water squeezed." [33] The efforts to reduce the formal and informal industrial manufacturing value added figures, but can be seen in Table 2, statistical adjustment does not affect the conclusions mentioned in this article, domestic industry正規(guī)翻譯公司公證處翻譯蓋章 within the "weak alternative strong quality "effect is still very obvious.American economists Sachs and Hu said that China's economic專業(yè)翻譯公司服務(wù)最好的 growth and reform of the early speed up the process of industrialization. (Sachs and Woo, 1994) but this may not be used to determine the 90's, because 90 years of industrial growth
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